Pepper Market August 27, 2025

 

White pepper export increased by 200 USD/ton

Today's pepper prices in the domestic market fluctuated between 140,000 - 150,000 VND/kg, an increase of 1,000 - 2,000 VND. In the world market, the export price of Vietnamese white pepper also increased by 200 USD/ton, while Brazilian black pepper increased by 400 USD/ton.

In the world market

At the end of the most recent trading session, the International Pepper Community (IPC) quoted Indonesian black pepper at 7,297 USD/ton, down 0.14% compared to the previous day.

In contrast, the price of Brazilian black pepper ASTA 570 increased by 1.56% (400 USD/ton), to 6,400 USD/ton.

Malaysian ASTA black pepper remained stable at USD 9,600/ton. Similarly, in Vietnam, the  export  price of black pepper  remained fluctuating between USD 6,240 – 6,370/ton for 500 g/l and 550 g/l.

Type name	World black pepper price list
	August 27 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Lampung Black Pepper (Indonesia)	7,297	-0.14
Brazilian Black Pepper ASTA 570	6,400	+1.56
Kuching Black Pepper (Malaysia) ASTA	9,600	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,240	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,370	–

At the same time of survey, the price of Indonesian Muntok white pepper also decreased by 0.13%, down to 10,142 USD/ton.

Meanwhile, Vietnam's white pepper export price increased by 200 USD/ton, to 9,150 USD/ton.

In particular, Malaysian ASTA white pepper remained unchanged at 12,800 USD/ton.

Type name	World white pepper price list
	August 27 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Muntok Indonesian White Pepper	10,142	-0.13
ASTA Malaysian White Pepper	12,800	–
Vietnam white pepper	9,150	+2.19

Update pepper information

According to  Khmer Times , on August 20, the Cambodian Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) held a working meeting with the Cambodian Pepper and Spice Federation (CPSF) to discuss measures to facilitate exports and expand the market to new destinations.

CPSF presented a progress report and made some recommendations regarding prices and productivity. He noted that pepper prices have increased sharply in recent years, which is a positive sign.

“Pepper prices have increased but productivity has decreased due to climate change,” said Toch Bun Hour, Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Cambodia. “This decrease in productivity has caused some farmers to suffer losses despite higher prices. In terms of exports, Cambodia still depends heavily on its main market, Vietnam. However, the Federation is working to diversify into new markets, especially China and Europe, to reduce dependence on a single country.”

At the same time, CPSF also called on the Ministry of Agriculture to expand the registration of pepper growing areas to facilitate exports, reduce costs and improve the verification of statistics on cultivated areas and output nationwide, ensuring more accurate information for negotiations with foreign investors.

According to the Department of Plant Protection, Animal and Plant Hygiene and Quarantine, there are 126 pepper farms certified for Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), and efforts are continuing to register more farms.

The registration is supported by the EU-German-Cambodia Partnership Project on Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems (EU-German CAPSAFE), at no cost to the farm owners.

The Ministry has also supported the costs for some typical farmers, encouraged others to voluntarily register according to agricultural and organic standards, strengthened cooperation with relevant ministries and development partners to promote the pepper industry, cooperated with organizations to expand export markets, and strengthened internal capacity.

Recently, MAFF organized a training course on “Cashew and Pepper Production Chain” for more than 100 commune-level agricultural officials and key farmers in Kampot, Tbong Khmum and Kep provinces.

The training course aims to enhance the operational capacity of agricultural officials at commune and ward levels to better serve farmers and increase income from agricultural production, especially cashew and pepper — two key crops for the national economy and farmers' livelihoods.

Va Rutsan, Secretary of State at the Ministry of Commerce, said in June that Cambodia is developing a pepper policy to boost Cambodian pepper exports to the global market. “We are gathering as many opinions as possible to finalize this policy.”

“The top priority of the policy is to increase income for pepper growers across the provinces, while we also aim to boost exports,” he said.

Kampot pepper is famous for its unique flavor and is one of two pepper varieties in the world to have Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) status, affirming the quality and origin of this pepper.

According to VietnamBiz.vn

Pepper price today August 25, 2025

Pepper price today August 25, 2025: Vietnam maintains its position amid fluctuations

Pepper price today August 25, 2025 is stable, Vietnam maintains its position with black pepper 6,240-6,370 USD/ton, domestic 143,500-146,000 VND/kg, forecast to remain stable.

Báo Đà Nẵng•24/08/2025

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Pepper price today August 25, 2025 in the world

The global pepper market recorded slight fluctuations. Some pepper varieties had price changes today.

Indonesia:

Black pepper: Indonesian black pepper price is at 7,129 USD/ton.

White pepper: Muntok white pepper price remains at USD 9,966/ton.

Malaysia:

Black Pepper: Malaysian ASTA black pepper price remained unchanged at USD 9,600/ton.

White pepper: Similarly, Malaysian ASTA white pepper price remained unchanged at USD 12,800/ton.

Brazil and Vietnam:

Brazil: ASTA 570 black pepper price remains stable at USD 6,000/ton.

Vietnam: Vietnam's pepper export prices remain stable. Black pepper of 500 g/l and 550 g/l is priced at USD 6,240/ton and USD 6,370/ton, respectively. Meanwhile, white pepper remains at USD 8,950/ton.

It is forecasted that the world pepper price on August 25, 2025 may continue to develop similarly. Indonesian pepper prices may continue to adjust slightly, while pepper prices in Brazil, Malaysia and Vietnam are expected to remain stable. This reflects the balance between supply and demand in the international market. Vietnamese exporters may continue to benefit from the stability of pepper export prices.

The outlook for pepper prices in the coming time will likely continue to depend on many factors, including supply and demand, weather fluctuations, and trade policies. According to information from Gia Lai Newspaper, the off-season green pepper growing model is being effectively implemented, helping farmers increase their income and be more proactive in production. Off-season pepper growing not only helps increase product value but also reduces supply pressure during the main crop season, thereby contributing to stabilizing pepper prices on the market.

The emergence of new pepper varieties such as Sri Lanka or Malaysia also helps increase productivity and quality, thereby creating products with higher economic value. This model is being replicated, showing a sustainable direction for the Vietnamese pepper industry. Having off-season green pepper products with prices 1.5 - 2 times higher than in the main season will help increase farmers' income.

The long-term outlook for pepper prices is considered positive. Global demand for pepper remains high. Switching to new varieties and applying advanced farming techniques will help improve product quality, thereby increasing competitiveness in the international market. However, farmers also need to pay attention to market fluctuations and update information regularly to make appropriate production and business decisions. The connection between farmers and purchasing and processing enterprises is also an important factor to ensure stable output for products.

Pepper price today August 25, 2025 in the country

This morning, pepper prices in key production areas in Vietnam fluctuated between 143,500 - 146,000 VND/kg.

Specifically, pepper prices in Dak Lak and Dak Nong both reached 146,000 VND/kg.

Other localities such as Ba Ria – Vung Tau and Binh Phuoc also maintained the level of 144,000 VND/kg. Of which, Ba Ria – Vung Tau and Binh Phuoc had no change.

Gia Lai reached 143,500 VND/kg, an increase of 1,000 VND/kg.

With the current developments, it is likely that domestic pepper prices on August 25, 2025 will continue to move sideways or have only minor fluctuations. Prices of 143,500 - 146,000 VND/kg may be maintained. Pepper prices in Dak Lak and Dak Nong may remain at the highest level, while Gia Lai and other regions may continue to increase slightly or remain stable.

Source: https://baodanang.vn/gia-tieu-hom-nay-25-8-2025-viet-nam-giu-vung-vi-the-giua-bien-dong-3300222.html

 

Pepper Market August 23, 2025

 

Continue to increase at the weekend

Pepper prices in the domestic market continued to increase by VND1,000 today , reaching VND145,000 - 147,000/kg. Anticipating market demand and increasing income, some farmers in the western communes of Gia Lai province have boldly switched to growing green pepper in the off-season.

In the world market

In the most recent trading session, Indonesian pepper prices slightly decreased, while other countries remained generally stable.

The International Pepper Community (IPC) quoted Indonesian black pepper at $7,129 per tonne, down 0.35% from the previous session.

Meanwhile, Malaysian ASTA black pepper remained stable at 9,600 USD/ton, while Brazilian ASTA 570 black pepper reached 6,000 USD/ton.

In Vietnam, the  export  price of black pepper  still fluctuates from 6,240 - 6,370 USD/ton for 500 g/l and 550 g/l.

Type name	World black pepper price list
	August 23 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Lampung Black Pepper (Indonesia)	7.129	-0.35
Brazilian Black Pepper ASTA 570	6,000	–
Kuching Black Pepper (Malaysia) ASTA	9,600	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,240	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,370	–

At the same time of survey, the price of Indonesian Muntok white pepper decreased by 0.35% compared to the previous day, reaching 9,996 USD/ton.

Malaysian ASTA white pepper was stable at USD 12,800/ton, while Vietnamese white pepper stood at USD 8,950/ton.

Type name	World white pepper price list
	August 23 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Muntok Indonesian White Pepper	9,996	-0.35
ASTA Malaysian White Pepper	12,800	–
Vietnam white pepper	8,950	–

Update pepper information

According to  Gia Lai Newspaper,  to anticipate market demand and increase income, some farmers in the western communes of Gia Lai province have boldly switched to growing green pepper in the off-season. This direction not only increases the value of the crop but also helps farmers proactively adapt to market fluctuations.

The idea of ​​growing off-season pepper was hatched by Mr. Cu Quoc Hung (village 6, Gao commune) in 2022. Mr. Hung said: Pepper prices have returned, so when planting new crops, he chose to grow Sri Lanka varieties, because of their outstanding growth ability, ease of care and high disease resistance. From researching and learning organic care techniques, combined with existing experience, he produces off-season green pepper by regulating irrigation water and fertilizing properly. Thanks to suitable soil, each pepper pole can harvest about 15 kg of fresh pepper to sell as green chains, while chains with lower fruit quality will be harvested and dried.

According to farmers, the technique applied to this new variety is to fertilize and water continuously to create good humidity so that the tree can produce fruit in batches and can be harvested year-round. Off-season products are mainly sold as green pepper chains to restaurants or resold to establishments that process pepper dishes such as pickled pepper and frozen pepper.

Off-season green pepper has a selling price 1.5 - 2 times higher than the main season and is currently fluctuating from 50,000 - 70,000 VND/kg. At some times in the time frame from April to July, it can reach 110 - 120 thousand VND/kg.

Realizing the increasing effectiveness of green pepper products, in addition to red pepper production, Gia Lai Red Pepper One Member Co., Ltd. (village 5, Kon Gang commune) has expanded the planting of about 4,000 pillars using Malaysian pepper varieties, and also provided seeds to dozens of people in the area to expand production linkages and consume off-season green pepper.

Mr. Tran Quang Son, Director of the Company, said: “Green pepper is usually harvested from August to October every year, then the remaining part is left to ripen, making black pepper or red pepper products. Growing green pepper not only makes the plant stronger but also brings high economic value.

In Kon Gang commune, many households have started to switch to growing new pepper varieties and applying the off-season planting model to improve efficiency. In the third year, pepper gardens have an average yield of about 12 kg fresh/pillar.

With the current productivity and selling price, each hectare of green pepper can earn a profit of 500 million VND/year or more, depending on the monoculture or intercropping method. The company has partners in the South who regularly purchase and export to Thailand, so the output is quite stable.

In the context of old varieties, used for many years, degenerating due to pests, diseases and the harsh impacts of climate change, many farmers have introduced new varieties into cultivation to increase productivity and quality of harvested products.

Pepper Market on August 21, 2025

 

Pepper Market on August 21, 2025: Price increased to 145,000 VND/kg

Today's pepper price in the domestic market is at 144,000 - 145,000 VND/kg. In the first half of 2025, Cambodia's pepper exports reached nearly 20 million USD, down 21.37% compared to the 25 million USD figure in the same period in 2024.

In the world market

At the end of the most recent trading session,  world pepper  prices  generally did not record any new fluctuations. The International Pepper Community (IPC) reported the price of Indonesian black pepper at 7,173 USD/ton.

Meanwhile, Malaysian ASTA black pepper stood at the highest level of 9,400 USD/ton, while Brazilian ASTA 570 black pepper was the lowest at 5,850 USD/ton.

Vietnam's black pepper  export  price  continues to remain at 6,240 - 6,370 USD/ton for 500 g/l and 550 g/l.

Type name	World black pepper price list
	August 21 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Lampung Black Pepper (Indonesia)	7,173	–
Brazilian Black Pepper ASTA 570	5,850	–
Kuching Black Pepper (Malaysia) ASTA	9,400	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,240	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,370	–

At the same time of survey, the price of Indonesian Muntok white pepper remained stable at 10,027 USD/ton. Meanwhile, Malaysian ASTA white pepper reached 12,700 USD/ton and Vietnamese white pepper was 8,950 USD/ton.

Type name	World white pepper price list
	August 21 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from previous day
Muntok Indonesian White Pepper	10,027	–
ASTA Malaysian White Pepper	12,700	–
Vietnam white pepper	8,950	–

Update pepper information

According to information from the Cambodian Ministry of Commerce, in the first half of 2025, Cambodia's pepper exports reached nearly 20 million USD, down 21.37% compared to the 25 million USD figure in the same period in 2024.

Sharing with Cambodia New, Mr. Mak Ny, president of the Cambodia Pepper and Spice Federation (CPSF), said that Cambodia's pepper exports decreased because the pepper harvest has not been completed yet.

Meanwhile, the price of regular pepper in Cambodia has increased to 25,000-26,500 riel/kg, higher than last year as global pepper reserves are facing the risk of decline.

Cambodia's pepper output is around 17,000 - 20,000 tons/year on an area of ​​over 6,000 hectares, of which around 80% of the output is exported to Vietnam. Other markets include China, Taiwan, Thailand, Japan, South Korea and the European Union.

According to a recent report by the International Pepper Community (IPC), Cambodia's pepper output in 2025 is estimated to reach 17,000 tons, an increase of 1,000 tons compared to the forecast at the beginning of the year.

Meanwhile, Brazil’s northern crop is expected to start in September, with many exporters preparing to release their products from there. Current inventories are reported to be limited, reflecting the steady exports in the period leading up to it. This cycle could see a period of resumption of exports as the harvest picks up pace.

In Indonesia, initial observations indicate a decline in crop production, with some trade sources estimating a decline of up to 30%. Harvesting is expected to begin in late July to mid-August. While export flows are likely to continue during this period, strong domestic consumption could reduce inventories destined for the international market, affecting price stability.

Reports from Vietnam indicate that the 2025 crop is generally favorable, with harvest completed in April. Early signs of the ongoing wet season suggest active flowering and preliminary expectations for the 2026 crop look positive, provided favorable weather conditions persist. However, prolonged heat waves could challenge crop vigor and impact yield formation.

The IPC said that the annual global pepper production is estimated to range from 550,000 to 600,000 tonnes, of which the international trade volume accounts for about 400,000 to 450,000 tonnes per year. This difference is mainly due to the significant domestic consumption in producing countries, such as India and Indonesia, where the domestic industry and market consume the majority of the output.

According to VietnamBiz.vn

 

Why Cloves Remain a Key Spice in the Global Market Despite Rising Alternatives

08-20-2025 02:11 PM CET | Food & Beverage

Press release from: 6Wresearch- Market Intelligence Solutions

The global clove market is witnessing steady growth worldwide. Clove's strong demand in multiple sectors, such as beverages, food, pharmaceuticals, and personal care, is supporting the market growth. Furthermore, cloves are a key spice in the food sector due to their medicinal properties, unique aroma, and traditional remedies worldwide, even with the availability of other spices and flavouring agents.

According to 6Wresearch, the Global Clove Market is projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of approximately 12.76% from 2025 to 2031. Major drivers such as the rising popularity of natural ingredients, increasing awareness of health benefits associated with cloves, and increasing demand from the pharmaceutical and food processing industries are boosting the robust growth of the market worldwide . Moreover, Cloves' antibacterial and aromatic properties are driving popularity in cosmetics and oral care products, shaping the market dynamics.

Request Sample Page: https://www.6wresearch.com/industry-report/global-clove-market

Pepper Market August 17, 2025

 

Slight increase last week, demand from the US shows signs of improvement

Last week, pepper prices  in the domestic market increased slightly by VND1,000/kg compared to the previous week, fluctuating between VND140,000 and VND143,000/kg. In the world market, pepper export prices of Indonesia and Malaysia increased, while Brazil decreased. According to VPSA data, pepper imports of the US market are showing signs of recovery.

Update pepper price

In the domestic market

According to a survey,  pepper prices  this morning in key production areas fluctuated between 140,000 - 143,000 VND/kg. Of which, Binh Phuoc recorded a decrease of 1,000 VND/kg, while other localities remained stable.

Thus, for the whole week,  pepper prices   in Binh Phuoc remained unchanged compared to last week, remaining at 140,000 VND/kg. In contrast, other localities increased by 1,000 VND/kg, bringing pepper prices to 143,000 VND/kg in Dak Lak and Dak Nong, and 141,000 VND/kg in Gia Lai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau and Dong Nai.

Market (survey area)	Purchase price on August 17 (Unit: VND/kg)	Change from previous day (Unit: VND/kg)	Change from last week (Unit: VND/kg)
Dak Lak	143,000	–	+1,000
Gia Lai	141,000	–	+1,000
Dak Nong	143,000	–	+1,000
Ba Ria – Vung Tau	141,000	–	+1,000
Binh Phuoc	140,000	-1,000	–
Dong Nai	141,000	–	+1,000

Source: Hoang Hiep synthesis

In the world market

The International Pepper Community (IPC) said that the price of Indonesian black pepper closed last week at 7,208 USD/ton, an increase of 61 USD/ton compared to the previous week.

Similarly, the price of Malaysian ASTA black pepper increased by 150 USD/ton last week, to 9,400 USD/ton.

Meanwhile, the price of Brazilian black pepper ASTA 570 decreased by 150 USD/ton, down to 5,850 USD/ton, the lowest level on the market.

Vietnam's black pepper  exports   remained stable throughout the week at 6,240 - 6,370 USD/ton for 500 g/l and 550 g/l.

Type name	World black pepper price list
	August 17 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from last week
Lampung Black Pepper (Indonesia)	7,208	+0.85
Brazilian Black Pepper ASTA 570	5,850	-2.50
Kuching Black Pepper (Malaysia) ASTA	9,400	+1.62
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,240	–
Vietnamese black pepper (500 g/l)	6,370	–

At the same time of survey, the price of Indonesian Muntok white pepper increased by 85 USD/ton last week, reaching 10,076 USD/ton.

Notably, the price of Malaysian ASTA white pepper increased by 200 USD/ton, to 12,700 USD/ton.

In particular, Vietnamese white pepper remains stable at 8,950 USD/ton, the lowest in the market.

Type name	World white pepper price list
	August 17 (Unit: USD/ton)	% change from last week
Muntok Indonesian White Pepper	10,076	+0.85
ASTA Malaysian White Pepper	12,700	+1.60
Vietnam white pepper	8,950	–

Update pepper information

The Vietnam Pepper and Spices Association (VPSA) cited data from the International Trade Center (ITC) saying that US pepper  imports   in June 2025 reached 9,183 tons, up 14.1% compared to May and up 12.3% over the same period last year.

Of which, the US imported pepper mainly from Vietnam, reaching 7,372 tons, accounting for 80.3% and increasing by 19.5% compared to the previous month. Next was India: 613 tons, accounting for 6.7%; Indonesia: 592 tons, accounting for 6.4% and Brazil: 325 tons, accounting for 3.5%.

Cumulatively from January 1 to June 30, 2025, the total import volume of the US reached 45,443 tons, with a turnover of 343.2 million USD; compared to the same period in 2024, the import volume decreased by 0.5% but the turnover increased by 50.4%.

Vietnam was the largest pepper supplier to the US in the first half of the year, accounting for 67.6% of the total, reaching 30,720 tons, down 12% year-on-year. The following countries were Indonesia, accounting for 4.5%, reaching 6,567 tons, up 78.9%; India, accounting for 9.7%, reaching 4,421 tons, up 13.6%, and Brazil, accounting for 4.5%, reaching 2,047 tons, up 19.6% year-on-year.

VPSA also added that pepper exports from Indonesia, one of the leading producing countries, are showing signs of slowing down. In June, Indonesia exported 1,971 tons of pepper, down 31% compared to May and also the second lowest export month since February 2024 (1,955 tons).

Indonesia's main export markets during the month included: the US: 378 tonnes, Vietnam: 307 tonnes, China: 305 tonnes, France: 232 tonnes and Japan: 168 tonnes.

However, in the first 6 months of the year, Indonesia exported 20,527 tons, with a turnover of 135.2 million USD, up 5.7% in volume and 50% in value over the same period last year, and compared to the same period in 2023, the export volume increased by 63.9%.

Vietnam is the main export market for Indonesian pepper, reaching 4,707 tons, accounting for 22.9% of the market share and increasing by 21.3% over the same period last year. The following markets are: China reaching 3,809 tons, down 9.9%; the US: 3,010 tons, down 1.9%; India: 2,338 tons, up 29.7% and France: 1,032 tons, up 40.8%.

According to VietnamBiz.vn

Pepper price today August 15, 2025 in the world

 

Pepper price today August 15: 2 provinces maintain peak level of 142,000 VND/kg

Pepper price today, August 15: Dak Lak, Dak Nong peaked at 142,000 VND/kg; world black pepper price increased slightly, reaching 7,232 USD/ton (Indonesia). The domestic market is stable, price outlook is positive due to supply and demand recovery and import demand.

Báo Đà Nẵng•14/08/2025

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Pepper price today August 15, 2025 in the world

Indonesian black pepper price is currently at 7,232 USD/ton, up 0.79 USD/ton; Indonesian white pepper price is recorded at 10,109 USD/ton, up 0.79 USD/ton.

In Malaysia, the price of ASTA black pepper is still at 9,250 USD/ton; the price of Malaysian ASTA white pepper is at 12,500 USD/ton.

In the Brazilian market, the purchase price of black pepper ASTA 570 is at 5,850 USD/ton.

In Vietnam, the price of black pepper 500 g/l is currently at 6,240 USD/ton and 550 g/l is currently at 6,370 USD/ton; the price of white pepper is currently at 8,950 USD/ton.

Pepper price today August 15, 2025 in the world

According to the International Pepper Community (IPC), the global pepper market is showing complex but promising signs. In the first half of 2025, major import markets such as the US, Europe and China have adjusted their purchasing strategies. Import activities were somewhat sluggish in the early part of the year due to a wait-and-see mentality. However, a clear recovery occurred in May and June when international prices decreased slightly, stimulating purchasing demand and replenishing inventories.

Countries such as India, China and Germany have recorded significant import growth, reflecting strong industrial demand and an accelerated inventory build-up strategy. This is a positive sign that market confidence is improving. However, factors such as geopolitical volatility, logistics costs and changes in consumption patterns will continue to impact prices.

Pepper price today August 15, 2025 in the country

Pepper prices in the domestic market this morning (August 15) showed stability in all regions, maintaining an average of about 140,800 VND/kg and fluctuating between 140,000 and 142,000 VND/kg.

Gia Lai, Ba Ria - Vung Tau and Binh Phuoc provinces all listed at 140,000 VND/kg.

Meanwhile, Dak Lak and Dak Nong maintained higher prices, up to VND 142,000/kg.

Pepper price today August 15, 2025 in the country

For the Vietnamese market, domestic pepper prices have experienced strong fluctuations in 2025, closely following the seasonal supply and demand laws. After a sharp decline at the end of the harvest season (June), prices have recovered strongly since the beginning of July. The main reason is that the supply from the new crop is gradually depleted and farmers are hoarding goods to wait for better prices.

The outlook for pepper prices in the coming time is forecast to continue to depend on the balance between supply and demand. Global supply may remain limited due to the impact of climate change and the reduction of pepper growing areas in some regions. Meanwhile, if demand from major import markets continues to recover, pepper prices are likely to remain high or even continue to increase. However, investors and producers need to closely monitor macroeconomic factors and market developments to make appropriate decisions.

Source: https://baodanang.vn/gia-tieu-hom-nay-15-8-2-tinh-giu-muc-dinh-142-000-dong-kg-3299395.html

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